There are certain aspects of Hinduism I find hard to view as “verified” or “based on reason or empirical fact”. These are:
1.) Reincarnation. What are the evidence for reincarnation? I know rebirth has has to do with accumulated karma and spiritual immaturity, but I can’t just accept this as an absolute truth because I do not know the rationale enough, and I do not know much of any empirical evidence.
I will present you 3 types of evidence: 1) Empirical 2) Rational and 3) Phenomenological
The empirical evidence is of three types:
The scientific studies of OBES and NDE’s which have have proven that the mind can exist separate from the body. Studies have also been able to physically measure the presence of disembodied minds.(I use the word mind, because soul to me means the atman or self, which is distinct from the mind)
The scientific studies into reincarnation by investigating past life memories, birth marks. The best study is by Ian Stevenson, who has done cross-cultural studies with over 2000 subjects. His seminal work is, “20 cases suggestive of reincarnation”
The proof that the wavefunction in QM is collapsed by the observer, thus entailing the necessarily priority of the observer prior to matter. This proves the pre-existence of the soul prior to body(which is matter)
Rational proof:
The rational proof is the absolute irreducibility of consciousness and matter, which in philosophy of mind is known as the hard problem of consciousness.
If they are not reducible to one another, they cannot be the same substance and therefore matter and consciousness are only in association with one another, but not combined together. Henceforth, it follows that consciousness only comes into association with matter(bodies) and can just as easily disassociate from it and reassociate with another material(another body)
Phenomenological proof:
The ultimate phenomenological proof if being able to leave your body and see your body outside of you. This is a commonly reported experience and thus carries weight of being a real experience. This experience can also be systematically induced using mental techniques(Monroe method etc) hemi-sync and magnetic fields.
2.) Hinduism has gods. How is believing in these gods different from believing in an Abrahamic god?
The difference is Hinduism knows that all personal gods are false constructions. In Hinduism there are two types of god concepts: Saguna Brahman and Nirguna Brahman. Saguna Brahman means god with attributes, forms and description. Such as a god with a body, with emotions and a history(various combinations and permutationa are possible) This type of god concept is considered a temporal concept of god for a devotee who can accept a possible infinite number of Saguna Brahmans(god as mother, father, lover, son, teacher, animal) as an object for their devotion. Nirguna Brahman means god without attributes, forms and description. Such as notions of “absolute” “infinite” “self” “existence” these are all impersonal concepts of god. This is considered the true god concept, but a concept too abstract for the common person.
The “self” is the truest concept of god in Hinduism. Thus all Hindu effort is towards attaining realization of the self.
3.) How come Hindus can claim that Buddhists are wrong, and Hindus right when it comes to “no-self”/total emptiness (sorry for not knowing the correct term) and “the self”, if both strands base their “belief” on experiences from deep meditation?
The no-self concept comes from an interpretation of the teachings of Buddha and not from deep meditation. It is easy to prove that the self exists because without the self you could not explain the fact of experience, knowledge and memory. There is obviously an experiencer, knower and rememberer to explain those facts. If you were to doubt that such a self exists, then you would require a doubter to doubt.
The no-self doctrine is illogical. Most buddhists only pay it lip service.