Concept of God in Hinduism
The concept of god(Brahman) in Hinduism is as diverse as everything else in Hinduism, and is also the most sophisticated philosophy of god of all world religions. There are impersonal concepts of god(Nirguna Brahman) and personal concepts of god(Saguna Brahman) Historically, the impersonal concept of god was in vogue during the Vedic period(7000BCE at the earliest) The impersonal concept of god has variously been referred to in the Vedas as the ONE, Ultimate being, Ultimate truth, Ultimate reality, True Self, Eternal laws. The Vedas describe how this ONE manifests as MANY powers throughout nature, and have been reveered in the Vedas as devas(shining ones) The devas are powers that govern natural phenomenas(fire, earth, air, water, sound, mind, time, space) and hence why in Hinduism nature is considered divine and sacred.
As nature is also pervaded by the divine the worship of devas can also lead to the divine, however the divine is then realised it its phenomenal form. So if you worshipped Surya Deva, you would realise the divinity undelying the sun in the phenomenal form. The devas are also sometimes classified as masculine and feminine, so while fire(Agni deva) is described masculine, water(Saraswati devi) is described as feminine.
In order to realise god in its pure form one must realise the inner self through the practice of meditation. Around 500BCE the personal concept of god came into vogue during the Bhakti period. This is when Hinduism split into many sects: Vaishavaism, Shivaism, Shaktism and finally Smartism, each one worshipped a personal god as the one ultimate reality. This lead to each sect creating myths and legends around that personal god, specific rituals and specific scriptures(puranas) and built temples to that god. This did not mean the impersonal god concept was abandoned, but rather people in that time felt it was too abstract to relate to, so they created a more colourful and human concept, with the understanding it was only an imagining of god and not god actually.
Thus, the impersonal concept of god is actually the true concept of god in Hinduism. Here are some quotes on the impersonal concept of god by modern Hindu scholars:
…The Maitri Upanishad mentions two aspects of Brahman, the higher and the lower. The higher Brahman being the unmanifest Supreme Reality which is soundless and totally quiescent and restful, the lower being the Shabda-Brahman which manifests itself into the everchanging restless cosmos through the medium of sound vibrations. The Upanishad says that "Two Brahmans there are to be known: One as sound and the other as Brahman Supreme.” The process of manifestation is from soundless to sound, from noumenality to phenomenality, from perfect quiescence of “being” to the restlessness of “becoming”… ’ (Sudhakar S.D, 1988. P83)
The Universe is Brahman, the One that underlies and make possible all the multiplicity; the universal consciousness that is the soul of all existence.
It is the primordial no-thingness from which all things arise, the one reality whose oneness is all-inclusive; and includes all that is, or shall be. It is Brahman; the source of the entire cosmos and all cosmic activities relating to the emergence, existence and dissolution of the terrestrial phenomena that form the cosmic rhythm. ‘Brahman is the unborn (aja) in whom all existing things abide.’ And this ultimate reality is One- absolute and indeterminable. ‘The One manifests as the many, the formless putting on forms.’ (Sudhakar S.D, 1988. P3 (Rig Veda)
At the base of Gandhi’s system of beliefs is his view of the nature of ultimate reality. This he refers to not as Brahman (as is usual in advaitism) but as Satya (S: Truth), a term derived from sat, or Being, Satya or Truth alone can truly be said to be real:
It is That which alone is, which constitutes the stuff of which all things are made, which subsists by virtue of its own power, which is not supported by anything else but supports everything that exists. Truth alone is eternal, everything else is momentary. (Collinson, Plant and Wilkinson, 2000. p150 (Gandhi)
Reality or Brahman is a unity, oneness or absolute, changeless, eternal, and such that no predicates can apply to it: in the Absolute there is neither time, space nor causation. The idea of time cannot be there, seeing that there is no mind, no thought. The idea of space cannot be there, seeing that there is no eternal change. What you call motion and causation cannot exist where there is only one. (Vivekananda, Collinson, Plant, Wilkinson, 2000
http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Hinduism-Hindu.htm
The difference between the Abrahamic concept of god and the Hindu concept of god is the abrahamic god is anthromorphic and the Hindu god is cosmological. The Abrahamic god is a person, male and a father and monarch who lives in a place called heaven, who creates the earth and places humans on it and occasionally intervenes in the affairs of humans by sending prophets to make them return to him, or punishes them by sending plagues and floods or orders his prophets to kill the infidels. One day the Abrahamic god will judge everybody and punish/reward accordingly. This god, like human beings, has a wide range of emotions: anger, love, fear, lust.
The Hindu concept of god is an abstract philosophical notion ultimate and absolute reality or truth that is beyond time and space. Infinite, formless, absolute, perfect, bliss. It is therefore far more grande and lofty and more rooted in philosophical thought(as opposed to myth and faith)
Some differences:
Hindu God vs Abrahamic god
Infinite vs finite
Unchanging and pure consciousness vs constantly changing mind
Untouched by emotions and impartial vs jealous, angry, vengeful, partial
Beyond time, space and causation vs living in a place in heaven with a heirarchy of angels and souls