This is simply a blind stereotype, that something is more authentic and credible because it is more ancient. This is usually done by people who are simply seeking to give their beliefs a certain seal of approval, of which nothing can be better other then an ancient seal of approval. Something is not right or wrong on the basis of its age, but on the basis of its truth, time is not really relevant - a truth is always timeless. Even if a most ancient scripture has made an observation - it can be confirmed again and and again. But in so many traditions - there are so many different perspectives on the matter, as many perspectives as there are individuals.
These other traditions you mention have second hard, third hand or fourth hand knowledge. They all learned their knowledge from contact with the Yoga tradition in India, they had no Yoga tradition of their own. So obviously they are not as credible and carry as much weight as the Yoga tradition
Yoga > Kabbalh + Sufism etc
These other traditions did not become as developed as Yoga because they were considered heresies in their societies. They were persecuted and driven out. On the other hand, Yoga was openly encouraged in India and was orthodox. Hence why Yoga developed to the level of a science in India, whereas in other parts of the world spiritual traditions did not get pass mysticism and mythology.
An intelligent person knows that one should learn directly from primary sources not secondary or tertiary sources. If Kabbalh and Sufism etc is as good as Yoga then where are their equivalent of the Yoga Sutras?
Different traditions will disagree with this, although I prefer to see it in that way for the simple reason that you can choose whatever model you want - whether Ajna is orange or indigo, and find that both work just as well. Whether you are chanting in Sanskrit or chanting in Hebrew, then too you will find that - whether there is a certain inner atmosphere, they work just as well. But there are traditions which have declared that the correspondences to the chakras are objective facts, because the colors associated with the chakras, as well as their form, are not just symbolic. They were discovered in deep meditation through their inner vision. The same is the case with the mantras, they were never originally spoken. They were heard deep in meditation. And in fact there is a whole science in yoga, nada yoga, which explores into this dimension.
While chakras do not have colours because colours are nothing more than electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic radiation is a physical substance, they do have vibrational frequencies(Hence Nada yoga) and thus they have corresponding sounds. This is why if you chant the Sanskrit beej mantras they vibrate the part of the body where the chakra they correspond to is manifested. Like AUM will vibrate the ajana and Ham will vibrate the vishuda. These sounds have been carefuly observed by yogis to have scientific properties to vibrate the respective body. It is very similar to asanas and kriyas in Hatha Yoga, they stimulate parts of the body by stimulating physical glands etc, whereas Nada yoga vibrates the physical glands through sounds.
You cannot just use any sound. The sound has to be a certain frequency in order to vibrate the chakras. Hebrew sounds are not equivalent at all.
If they did not have any correspondence to time or space, they would not even exist. Because other than the source of existence itself, there is nothing which is not of time and space. Time and space being relative, what may be one kind of time and one kind of space on one level of existence may be another type of time and another type of space on another level of existence, but still time and space have not disappeared.
Space and time refers to only physical matter. It has no existence beyond physical matter. There is no space and time in the quantum world for example and this has been empirically proven by the test of the Bell inequalities.
The quantum is basically the akasha of Yoga where the nadis, chakras and prana currents flow. What we know to be quantum entanglements are basically pranic circuits. The body corresponds to very sophisticated pranic circuits, a level of sophisticated quantum physics will struggle to recreate for probably another century or two.