I am a Jnana margi, meaning I am a follower of the path of knowledge, as enunciated within the Vedic philosophical and spiritual tradition. However, the path of knowledge also has strong similarity with non-Vedic traditions like Gnosticism. In the Vedic tradition the path of Jnana is seen as the antidote to human suffering and attaining final liberation.
The path of knowledge is considered to be the highest path by the Upanishads, and by all the philosophical schools that have emerged from the Upanishads: Vedanta, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya and Vaiseshika. However, their approach to Jnana is peculiar, although they all are Jnana traditions, they each have a different way of approaching Jnana. This makes it a confusing for a genuine eclectic Jnana margi like me on what exactly is the best way to live Jnana.
Nyaya and Vaiseshika
Starting with the Nyaya and Vaiseshika approach. These are similar philosophical schools, hence why they can be considered to be one tradition. This is an analytic and empirical school of Jnana. Their expressed purpose is given in the opening Sutras of their respective core texts:
Nyaya Sutras, Book 1:
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Supreme felicity is attained by the knowledge about the true nature of the sixteen categories, viz., means of right knowledge, object of right knowledge, doubt, purpose, familiar instance, established tenet, members [of a syllogism], confutation, ascertainment, discussion, wrangling, cavil, fallacy, quibble, futility, and occasion for rebuke.
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Pain, birth, activity, faults [defects] and misapprehension [wrong notion] on the successive annihilation of these in the reverse order, there follows release.
Vaiseshika Sutras, Book 1, Part 1:
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Dharma (is) that from which (results) the accomplishment of exaltation and of the supreme good.
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The authoritativeness of the Veda (arises from its) being the Word of God [or being an exposition of dharma].
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The Supreme Good [of the Predicables] (results) from the knowledge, produced by a particular dharma, of the essence of the predicables, substance, attribute, action, genus, species, and combination [inherence], by means of their resemblances and differences.
Thus, we can see the approach of the Nyaya-Vaiseshika school is to classify the empirical world of reality to obtain a correct knowledge of what is what, what species and class does it belong to, so we do not conflate them(e.g., soul for body; mind for senses; pain for pleasure) It also enables us to understand the universal laws of dharma, so we no longer violate them. This kind of right thinking produces right action.
Thus the Nyaya-Vaiseshika approach is an action orientated Jnana. By living the highest dharmic life, adhering to the laws of dharma, we attain the supreme good.
Samkhya and Yoga
The next level up from the Nyaya-Vaseshika school is the Samkhya-Yoga approach. Although Samkhya and Yoga share some similarities, it would be misleading to combine them into one school as Nyaya and Vaiseshika. So let us look at them individually, starting with Samkhya:
Samkhya Karika:
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A permenant solution to curing the three kinds of pain is inquiry. To say that this inquiry is unnecessary because other means exist to alleviate pain is invalid, because the means only offer temporal relief.
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The ritualistic means is impure and does not produce certain removal of the pain. Knowledge of the unmanifest, manifest and the cognizer offers a permenant solution.
Samkhya is also an analytic approach like Nyaya-Vaiseshika, but the difference is that it takes a phenomenological approach, and not an empirical one. The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school are interested in classifying all of empirical material reality, but Samkhya are more interested in the construction of empirical reality in relation to the perceiving consciousness. Thus they look at what is happening at the fundamental level of material reality: Prakriti, and how exactly does that relate to consciousness. The conclusion is that all consciousness is completely separate from all material phenomenon and agency, consciousness is only a pure witness, not an agent. Agency such as willing, deliberating, acting, thinking all belong to the mind(the faculty of buddhi), which is a material product:
37(with commentary of Mishra) The intelligence is the closest in quality and promixity to consciousness, and thus consciousness directly experiences the movements of the intelligence, and the feelings of pain and pleasure which take place within it. The intelligence is what wills, makes decisions and brings about experiences. It is also what guides consciousness to truth and discerns the subtle differences between matter and consciousness. When the intelligence is unrefined, the intellect creates an awareness that there is no difference between consciousness and matter.
Hence Samkhya conclude Jnana is:
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Thus from the practice of truth the wisdom is produced, “I am not”, “Nothing is mine” and “not I” which is pure knowledge, free of error and doubt and absolute.
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By means of this discriminative knowledge consciousness realises itself as the pure witness(not agent) and beholds the true reality of matter, which now ceases from evolving forms, giving consciousness a pure and clear vision of reality.
Thus the Samkhya approach is a contemplative approach, where one attains knowledge that they are only a pure witness of reality, and not actually an actor. This immediately makes one think that we need to practice meditation, but the Samkhya does not directly suggest this. It only says that we need to contemplate this knowledge.
According to Samkhya matter serves two purposes:
- It works towards fulfilling our desires by evolving the experiences that we need towards their fulfillment
- It simultaneously works towards our final liberation by bringing us closer to discriminative knowledge.
Though lifetimes of spiritual development, the witnessing consciousness gradually renounces all desires through realizing that all desires(including pleasure seeking) are of the nature of suffering, and the real purpose of life is liberation from desire. When this true knowledge of discrimination dawns, one automatically desists from these activities and matter ceases to produce thos experiences.
Thus the Samkhya approach is an contemplative-orientated Jnana.
Yoga more or less borrows the entire theory of Samkhya and emphasizes upon its goal of attaining discriminative knowledge and realizing one as the pure witness, but its approach is based on practical psychology:
Yoga Sutras, Chapter 1:
- Now begins the study of Yoga
- Yoga is the cessation of all modifications of the mind-field
- Then, the witnessing consciousness is revealed its unconditioned form
Thus, Yoga actually does not have to rely on any theory. It is already presupposed that one has already studied the theory and understands the need for Yoga. Yoga approach is introspection, where one directs all their attention on watching their mind. It is considered the hardest and royal path because introspection is considered the hardest thing to do, because the mind is wild and difficult to observe. It requires very strong will power to do. Patanjali is aware of just how difficult this process is, hence why he prescribes ashtanga Yoga, a Kriya yoga, whereby through various physical, mental and ethical practices one facilitates introspection. However, through this practice discriminative knowledge arises automatically, without the real need to contemplate scriptures.
Thus the Yoga approach is an experience-orientated Jnana.
Vedanta
Finally, we have Vedanta. Vedanta is out and out theistic. It prescribes absolute devotion to god. However, in classical Vedanta of Advaita god here means the ‘Self’ which is the true lord of all of existence and which is satchitananda, existence, bliss and consciousness. One must completely dedicate their entire life to the blissful self. Constantly contemplate upon it, chant on it as their constant mantra and meditate on only that(Hence in the Upanishads any other meditation other than on the ‘Self’ is condemned) It is believed that by constantly reading about the absolute self and realizing that everything else is nothing but Maya, an illusory projection of the Self, one day an instant Zen-like enlightenment is produced.
Thus the Vedanta approach is a devotion-orientated Jnana.