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Here are some more great teachings from Vidhura Niti
The marks of wisdom:
[b]He that is not served from the high ends of life by the aid of self-knowledge, exertion, forbearance and steadiness in virtue, is called wise. These again are the marks of a wise man, viz., adherence to acts, worthy of praise and rejection of what is blameable, faith, and reverence. He whom neither anger nor joy, nor pride, nor false modesty, nor stupefaction, nor vanity, can draw away from the high ends of life, is considered as wise. He whose intended acts, and proposed counsels remain concealed from foes, and whose acts become known only after they have been done, is considered wise. He whose proposed actions are never obstructed by heat or cold, fear of attachment, prosperity or adversity, is considered wise.
He whose judgment dissociated from desire, follows both virtue and profit, and who disregarding pleasure chooses such ends as are serviceable in both worlds, is considered wise. They that exert to the best of their might, and act also to the best of their might, and disregard nothing as insignificant, are called wise. He that understands quickly, listens patiently, pursues his objects with judgment and not from desire and spends not his breath on the affairs of others without being asked, is said to possess the foremost mark of wisdom. They that do not strive for objects that are unattainable, that do not grieve for what is lost and gone, that do not suffer their minds to be clouded amid calamities, are regarded to possess intellects enbued with wisdom.
He who strives, having commenced anything, till it is completed. Who never wastes his time, and who has his soul under control, is regarded wise. They that are wise, O bull of the Bharata race, always delight in honest deeds, do what tends to their happiness and prosperity, and never sneer at what is good. He who exults not at honours, and grieves not at slights, and remains cool and unagitated like a lake in the course of Ganga (Ganges), is reckoned as wise. That man who knows the nature of all creatures (viz., that everything is subject to destruction), who is cognisant also of the connections of all acts, and who is proficient in the knowledge of the means that man may resort to (for attaining their objects), is reckoned as wise. He who speaks boldly, can converse on various subjects, knows the science of argumentation, possesses genius, and can interpret the meaning of what is writ in books, is reckoned as wise. He whose studies are regulated by reason, and whose reason follows the scriptures, and who never abstains from paying respect to those that are good, is called a wise man.[/b]
The marks of foolishness:
[b]He, on the other hand, who is ignorant of scriptures yet vain, poor yet proud, and who resorts to unfair means for the acquisition of his objects, is a fool. He who, forsaking his own, concerns himself with the objects of others, and who practises deceitful means for serving his friends, is called a fool. He, who wishes for those things that should not be desired, and forsakes those that may legitimately be desired, and who bears malice to those that are powerful, is regarded to be a foolish soul.
He who regards his foe as his friend, who hates and bears malice to his friend, and who commits wicked deeds, is said to be a person of foolish soul. O bull of the Bharata race, he who divulges his projects, doubts in all things, and spends a long time in doing what requires a short time, is a fool. He who does not perform the Sraddha for the Pitris (oblations offered to the manes), nor worships the deities, nor acquires noble-minded friends, is said to be a person of foolish soul. That worst of men who enters a place uninvited, and talks much without being asked, and reposes trust on untrustworthy wights, is a fool.
That man who being himself guilty casts the blame on others, and who though impotent gives vent to anger, is the most foolish of men. That man, without knowing his own strength and dissociated from both virtue and profit, desires an object difficult of acquisition, without again adopting adequate means, is said to be destitute of intelligence. O king, he who punishes one that is undeserving of punishment, pays homage to persons without their knowledge, and waits upon misers, is said to be of little sense.[/b]
Comment: According to this most of our world today is foolish. In the academic world things that could be done quickly are discussed forever before any concrete actions are taken. Many things would be done faster if our scholars could think straight, clearly and stop filtering truth. The world is full of narcissicistic people who think the world revolves around them and speak bodly without having anything to show for themselves. Everybody is a know-it-all, and though they have no credentials or learnings, they will debate with you on things they don’t know about and think they are equivalent to even the learned on the matter. Everybody is highly opinionated and will go out of their way to make sure you hear their opinion on every matter - even if their opinion is unadulerated garbage.
The wise certainly are those who are of high learning so they know what are talking about. Who think before they speak. Who can call a spade a spade and are honest, factual and objective. Who do not grieve over loss or failure and take it in their stride. Who apply themselves and perservere in whatever goal they want to achieve. Who remain healthy and balanced. Who largely remain silent and speak only when it is necessary.
Forgiveness:
There is one only defect in forgiving persons, and not another; that defect is that people take a forgiving person to be weak. That defect however, should not be taken into consideration, for forgiveness is a great power. Forgiveness is a virtue of the weak, and an ornament of the strong. Forgiveness subdues (all) in this world; what is there that forgiveness cannot achieve? What can a wicked person do unto him who carries the sabre of forgiveness in his hand? Fire falling on a grassless ground is extinguished of itself. And unforgiving individual defiles himself with many enormities. Righteousness is the one highest good; and forgiveness is the one supreme peace; knowledge is one supreme contentment; and benevolence, one sole happiness.
Comment: I do not hold grudges against people. I have never been the kind of person who hold grudges. I forgive very easily. However, forgiveness always needs to be earned. If the person who you are forgiving is still doing the act that initially transgressed you, and you still keep forgiving them, this makes you a fool. Such blind forgiveness is not the power Vidhura is describing here. Rather, if somebody has shown that they truly have rectified their ways that transgressed you before, then you should have no problem in forgiving them.
Always have an open heart and award virtue. This is the dharmic way.
I will forgive all the death and destruction the Muslims and Christians have caused to humanity if Islam and Christianity apologise to the world for what was done by them and rectify their ways. Then I will let bygones be bygones and never condemn them again.
Action:
Vidura said: Even if unasked, one should speak truly, whether his words be good or bad, hateful or pleasing, unto him whose defeat one does not wish. I shall, therefore, say, O king, what is for the good of the Kurus. I shall say what is both beneficial and consistent with morality. Listen to me. Do not, O Bharata, set the heart upon means of success that are unjust and improper. A man of intelligence must not grieve if any purpose of his does not succeed, notwithstanding the application of fair and proper means. Before one engages in an act, one should consider the competence of the agent, the nature of the act itself, and its purpose, for all acts are dependent on these. Considering these one should begin an act, and not take it up on a sudden impulse
Comment: The dharmic value of satya is being asserted here. Always speak truefully, no matter how much censure you face, whatever the loss, or however unpopular you become. I have never hestitated from speaking the truth and never will.
Control of the senses: Anger and Lust
Desire and anger, O king, break through wisdom, just as a large fish breaks through a net of thin cords. He who in this world regarding both religion and profit, seeks to acquire the means of success, wins happiness, possessing all he had sought. He who, without subduing his five inner foes of mental origin, wishes to vanquish other adversaries, is, in fact, overpowered by the latter.
It is seen that many evil minded kings, owing to want of mastery over their senses, are ruined by acts of their own, occasioned by the lust of territory.
Comment: Once again is emphasized how important it is for us to control our senses and manage our emotions. All our problems in the world can be traced to lust and anger. It is lust for things that leads to wars, because things require resources and resources like oil are not equally distributed around the world. It is anger that leads to crime, genocides and murders because anger makes you lose your calm with somebody and you desire to destroy them. When you lose your calm with an entire race, then we get genocide.
Health:
O king, without health no good quality can show itself in a person. If, however, you are in health, you can achieve your good, for he is dead who is unhealthy and ill.
Comment: I said on this forum before how spirituality never thrives in poverty. This is because the very basic conditions like food and water, shelter, clothes, literacy etc must be satisfied before one can even think of high pursuits
Here are some more great teachings from Vidhura Niti