The scientists of Hindu civilisation
The previous posts have been about the persecution Hinduism had to face. We have covered the genocide of Hindus by Muslims, the Goa inqusitions by the Portugese, and the economic and cultural genocide by the British. This post is going to be a positive post, and educate about some of the greatest Hindu minds in Hindu history and Hindu accomplishments, which you will not hear about in Western text books and courses in history, simply because Western academia is jealous of Hindu civilisation. However, it is impossible to deny their existence, because we have clear records of them, which even Western historians have acknowledged. Still the status quo remains that none of this history is taught in the West, or for that matter in the Westernized education system in India either. This needs to change.
It is rather clear from what we have seen so far that Hindu civilisation was highly developed, wealthy and skilled and had a lot of indigenious industrial technologies whereby they produced goods of unsurpassable quality, allowing them to dominate international trade for millenias. Thus, clearly it must have had a highly developed scientific culture. Indeed, as legendary as Hindu wealth was, so was its science.
An 11th century manuscript, entitled, “The Categories of nation” by an Arabic author, Said al-Andalusi, a prolific author and a judge for the king in Muslim spain, says this about Hindus:
http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_kumar_spain_frameset.htm
Chapter V: Science in India (Translation)
The first nation (to have cultivated science) is India. This is a powerful nation having a large population, and a rich kingdom (possession). India is known for the wisdom of its people. Over many centuries, all the kings of the past have recognized the ability of the Indians in all the branches of knowledge.
The kings of China have stated that the kings of the world are five in number and all the people of the world are their subjects. They mentioned the king of China, the king of India, the king of the Turks, the king of the Furs (Persians) and the king of the Romans (1). They referred to the king of China as the “king of humans” because the people of China are more obedient to authority and are stronger followers of government policies than all the other peoples of the world. They referred to the king of India as the “king of wisdom” because of the Indians careful treatment of `ul?m (sciences) and their advancement in all the branches of knowledge. They referred to the king of the Turks as the “king of lions” because of the courage and the ferocity of the Turks. They referred to the king of Persia as the “king of kings” because of the richness, glory and importance of his kingdom, since Persia had subdued the kings of the center of the populated world, and because it controlled, to the exclusion of other kingdoms, the most fertile of the climatic regions. And they referred to the king of the Romans as the “king of men” because the Romans, of all the peoples, have the most beautiful faces, the best built bodies and the most robust physique.
The Indians, as known to all nations for many centuries, are the metal (essence) of wisdom, the source of fairness and objectivity. They are peoples of sublime pensiveness, universal apologues, and useful and rare inventions. In spite of the fact that their color is in the first stage of blackness, which puts them in the same category as the blacks, Allah, in His glory, did not give them the low characters, the poor manners, nor the inferior principles associated with this group and ranked them above a large number of white and brown peoples.
Greek Historians, similarly admit the greatness Hindu civilisation had achieived in science and philosophy, admitting that their own science and philosophy was borrowed from the Hindus:
http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_kumar_spain_frameset.htm
Writers such as Clement of Alexandria, who claimed that not only was Greek philosophy derived from non-Greek sources, including Buddhist and Brahmanical sources from India, [14] provide evidence for the cultural influence of these Indians living in the West.
Although Greek records themselves clearly admit their borrowing from the Hindus, and modern academics have indeed noted the similarity between Greek Philosophy and Hindu philosophy, Eurocentric propoganda continues to maintain that it was the Hindus who borrowed from the Greeks, despite the fact that the Hindu philosophical tradition was far older than the Greeks.
In a current open book I am reading, “Ancient Hindu chemistry” the author points out the Eurocentric bias. Where they can produce dates that show a Greek philosopher is earlier than a Hindu philosopher who taught similar philosophy, they claim the Hindu philosopher borrowed from the Greek philosopher. Where even by their dating methods, a Hindu philosopher is earlier than a Greek philosopher teaching similar philosophy, they argue that it was a parallel development
It is clear to any objective scholar that Greek philosophy is heavily derived from Hindu philosophy. There are indeed many brave Western scholars who have pointed this out, but Eurocentric Western academia refuse to listen. This is because it overturns their dogmatic belief that the Greeks are the source of all science, philosophy and civilisation. And to admit, that they were just inheritors of a wisdom from another culture, pops the European bubble which like to see themselves as historically and intrinsically superior. So jealous they are of Hindus, that even when they admit the Greeks borrowed, they will attribute it to the Babylonians, Egyptians - basically anybody but the Hindus.
There are some Greek concepts which are blatantly Hindu:
Classifying the universe into 5 elements: ether, air, fire, water, earth
Classifying the body into 3 humours
Transmigration of the soul and vegetarianism
The body as a limitation of the soul and meditation
The allegory of the senses like a chariot
Categorical syllogism(premises and conclusion)
The division of the days into 7 and naming them according to the planets
The teacher-disciple tradition
Atoms
This of course is not to take anything away from the Greeks. While the Greeks did indeed learn from the Hindus, they took whatever they learned and took it to a different trajectory(Greek three humours are different to the tridosa of Ayurveda, 5 elements are different to the mahabhuttas of Samkhya) But it is high time now that European academia grows up and admits that it was not the Greeks, but the Hindus who first originated science and philosophy. Eurocentricism needs to end.
It is also important to note that Hindu science and philosophy was vastly more developed than the Greeks, and was comparable to modern levels.
We shall now look at just how developed and advanced Hindu science and philosophy was, and look at some great Hindu scientists and philosophers. First let us begin with the ancient period and what the classical texts describe:
http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/ht_es_science_frameset.htm
Size of an atom
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/motions.swf
Absorption of water by a plant
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/absorption_of_water.swf
Electric cell
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/electrical_cell.swf
Gravitational force
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/gravitational_force.swf
Mechanics
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/motions.swf
Light, knowledge of it being made up of 7 rays
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/Light_7clr.swf
Distillation
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/distillation.swf
Heliocentricism
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/images/sunrise.swf
The infinity foundation links obviously indicate a highly advanced scientific knowledge. However, as I have educated many times in the past on this forum in various places, the scientific knowledge of the Hindus was well up to par with what we know today. I will very briefly recap what the Hindus knew by briefly introducing the finest Hindu minds, which have attained legendary status in Hindu history - basically our Newtons and Einsteins
Kanada
- In the Vaiseshika Sutras of Kanada, he develops a precise classification system to classify the empirical world. He formulates 6 categories: substance, qualities, actions, similarity, difference, inherence. Using this system he goes onto describes physical mechanics, the laws of motion, laws of thermodynamics, atoms, molecular bonding . This includes:
*An object will either remain at rest or continue in a straight line unless a force is applied.
- Every action will have an equal and opposite reaction
- The momentum of a projectile is directly proportional to the initial force provided
- Falling is due to gravity
- All objects are made out of aggregates of atoms:
- Atoms combine and discombine under heat or energy
- Atoms only combine if the consistuent atoms are compatible
- The states of matter, solid, liquid and gas are due to atoms with different kinetic energy
- There are 5 types of substances: space, forces, light, fluids and solids(the order given is the order they appear in) each having distinct properties
- The cause of attraction between a magnet and a needle is due to an invisible force
Kapila
In the Samkhya texts of Kapila, quantum mechanics, observer effects, evolution of matter, quantum entanglement, viritual quanta, expansion and contraction of the universe, and cognitive sciences are described. This includes:
- All matter originally exists in a potential state in the quantum field(moolaprakriti = root or quantum matter)
- The potential state is collapsed by an observer leading to manifest matter
- All matter is interconnected by fundamental subtle forces(gunas) at the potentials state and exists in a superpositioned state.
- The vibration of only one main fundamental force(the gunas in a state of supersymmetry) produces all matter. All matter is vibration of the quantum field
- There are particles that meditate between the potential state and the manifest state(tanmatras)
- The entire universe begins as a point in space, expands and then contracts due to the fundamental forces
- Perception takes place when sense impressions are received by the senses, organized by the mind, judged by the intellect and then personalized by the ego and finally submitted to the awareness(chitta)
Sushruta
In the Sushruta Samhita, a Hindu medical encylopedia specialising in surgery, a classification of 1200+ diseases is given, with detailed etiology, symptoms and treatment. 125 surgical instruments are described and hundreds of surgical operations, 51 for the eye alone. These operations were done under a herbal anasthestic or intoxicant. This includes:
Plastic surgergy
Cataract removal
Artificial limb augumentation using wood or metal
Brain surgery(precise descriptions are given when certain nerves to the brain are cut and the resulting effects)
Repairing fractures
Removing foreign objects with precision surgical instruments
Removal of ulcers, urinary stones and tumours
Let us now quote from our favourite scholarly resource on India:
http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_susruta_frameset.htm
Sushruta describes eight types of surgical procedures: Excision (chedana) is a procedure whereby a part or whole of the limb is cut off from the parent. Incision (bhedana) is made to achieve effective drainage or exposure of underlying structures to let the content out. Scraping (lekhana) or scooping is carried out to remove a growth or flesh of an ulcer, tartar of teeth, etc. the veins, hydrocele and ascitic fluid in the abdomen are drained by puncturing with special instrument (vyadhana). The sinuses and cavities with foreign bodies are probed (esana) for establishing their size, site, number, shape, position, situation, etc. Sravana (blood-letting) is to be carried out in skin diseases, vidradhis, localised swelling, etc. in case of accidental injuries and in intentional incisions, the lips of the wound are apposed and united by stitching (svana).
Plastic Surgery
Susruta lays down the basic principles of plastic surgery by advocating a proper physiotherapy before the operation and describes various methods or different types of defects, viz., (1) release of the skin for covering small defects, (2) rotation of the flaps to make up for the partial loss and (3) pedicle flaps for covering complete loss of skin from an area. He has mentioned various methods including sliding graft, rotation graft and pedicle graft. Nasal repair or rhinoplasty has been described in greater detail, which to this day has stood the test of time and is mentioned as the Indian method of rhinoplasty in the books of plastic surgery. Lastly, labioplasty too has received his attention. In short, all the principles of plastic surgery, viz., accuracy, precision, economy, haemostasis and perfection find an important place in Susruta’s writings on this subject
Charaka
In the Charaka Samhita, a classification of 149 major diseases are given, 582 drugs and formulations are given, with their properties for treatment of various diseases. His treatise includes:
- A description of the cause of diseases 1) Mental 2) Natural and 3) Somatic
- A description of 20 microrganisms inside and outside the body and the diseases they cause, plus the symptoms and treatments. He also alludes to a microscope to see them
- Rejuventation therapies to prevent aging and treat serious diseases which attack the immune system.
- A description of poisons from plants and animals and their antidotes
- A description of germs which attack the body and the need to practice sterlization of medical equipment, practice hygenine, use fumigation.
- The importance of improving ones digestion to improve vitality, muscular strength, immunity, energy, life span(in Ayurveda digestion is considered the most important part of ones health)
- The use of food as medicine because the basic elements that make it up are the same elements present in the body
- The description of regulation systems in the body(tridosha) and how imbalances cause disease and germs to thrive
- Description of the bodies circulatory systems which carry nutrients, waste products, sense signals. Including the cardiovascular system and how the heart pumps blood around the body
*Descriptions of how to construct hospitals
Panini
In Panini’s Asthtadhayayi, Paini presents the worlds first work on mathematical linguistics, descriptive linguistics and generative linguistics, pretty much foreshadowing all of 20th century linguistics. His linguistic theories are so powerful, that almost all of the famous linguisits from Sauserre, Bloomfield, Chomsky, Staal have studied him, and some linguists even maintain that his work may continue to inform 21st century linguistics. Indeed, Panini has also been studied by current computer scientists, such as Rick Briggs of NASA and Subhash Kak of the university of Louisana, for its role in AI.
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pāṇini
The Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although he refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha.[2] It is the earliest known work on descriptive linguistics and generative linguistics, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (Nirukta, Nighantu, Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself. His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid 20th century, and his analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva.
contrary to Paninian procedure."[16]
The influence of Pāṇini on the founding father of American structuralism, Leonard Bloomfield, is very clear, see e.g. his 1927 paper “On some rules of Pāṇini”.[17] Noam Chomsky has always acknowledged his debt to Pāṇini for his modern notion of an explicit generative grammar.[18] In Chomsky and Morris Halle’s 1968 text The Sound Pattern of English, the authors give an implicit nod to the Ashtadhyayi by formulating their final rule “ā → ā”, which echoes the final Pāṇini’s final rule, “a a iti” (अ अ इति । ८ । ४ । ६८). In Optimality Theory, the hypothesis about the relation between specific and general constraints is known as “Panini’s Theorem on Constraint Ranking”. Pāṇinian grammars have also been devised for non-Sanskrit languages. His work was the forerunner to modern formal language theory (mathematical linguistics) and formal grammar, and a precursor to computing.[19]
Pāṇini’s grammar can be considered to be the world’s first formal system, well before the 19th century innovations of Gottlob Frege and the subsequent development of mathematical logic. To design his grammar, Pāṇini used the method of “auxiliary symbols,” in which new affixes are designated to mark syntactic categories and the control of grammatical derivations. This technique was rediscovered by the logician Emil Post and is now a standard method in the design of computer programming languages.[20] Sanskritists now accept that Panini’s linguistic apparatus is well-described as an “applied” Post system. Considerable evidence shows ancient mastery of context-sensitive grammars, and a general ability to solve many complex generative problems. Frits Staal has written than “Panini is the Indian Euclid.” Emil Post is Panini’s modern counterpart, showing the relationship between a computationally typical natural language grammar and universal computation.
Pingala
In Pingala’s Chandashastra, a text on metre and prosody, Pingala describes the world’s first binary code system, except rather than using 1 and 0’s, he uses a morse code like system, of short syllables and long syllables, and provides a hashing system to convert things into binary.
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingala
The chandaḥśāstra presents the first known description of a binary numeral system in connection with the systematic enumeration of meters with fixed patterns of short and long syllables.[4] The discussion of the combinatorics of meter corresponds to the binomial theorem. Halayudha’s commentary includes a presentation of the Pascal’s triangle (called meruprastāra). Pingala’s work also contains the basic ideas of Fibonacci number (called mātrāmeru ).[5]
Use of zero is sometimes mistakenly ascribed to Pingala due to his discussion of binary numbers, usually represented using 0 and 1 in modern discussion, while Pingala used short and long syllables. As Pingala’s system ranks binary patterns starting at one (four short syllables—binary “0000”—is the first pattern), the nth pattern corresponds to the binary representation of n-1, written backwards.
The Chandashastra is a remarkable work which gives a list of 30 kinds of metres and a unique kind of mathematical structure used in Sanskrit poetry, where the sounds would be arranged in geometrical patterns(bandhas) like arrows, zigzags, lotus etc. Such that when read straight it would say something, and when read according to a particular geometrical shape, would say something else. There is nothing comparable in modern prosody.
Patanjali
In Patanjali’s Yogasutras we find the first complete work on psychology. Patanjali is the first cognitive psychologist, psychodynamic psychologist, parapsychologist, transpersonal psychologist, social and learning psychologist and mental phenomenologist. This treatise includes
- A description of mental states and a classification of types of mental activities(vrittis)
- Precise definitions of mental and emotions terms like memory, concentration, ignorance, pain, pleasure, attachment, ego, desire
- A description of transpersonal states of consciousness(various samadhis)
- A description of how thought association takes place and the mental representation of the outer world(cognitive psychology)
- A description of cognitive behavioural therapy
*A description of conscious, subconscious and unconscious states
- A description of various psychic abilities and how to activate them(samyama)
- The description of an entire system of Yoga to cultivate ethics, body, breath, senses, concentration and mind. Along with a classification of obstacles and techniques to overcome them
- A description of mental impressions, how they are stored in the unconscious and how they activated through stimuli triggers
Gautama(not to be confused with Gautama Buddha)
In Gautama’s Nyaya sutras Gautama describes the entire science of logic, how to reason correctly, how to formulate arguments, how knowledge takes place(epistemology). His treatise includes:
- Descriptions of the means of knowledge
- Descriptions of the objects of knowledge
- Definitions on doubt and resolving it
- Methods of debate: constructive, destructive and rhetorical
- Formulating logical arguments
- Descriptions of logical fallacies
- Descriptions of rejoinders and how to respond to them
- Descriptions of absolute signs when a party loses a debate
More precise than Gautama is a later medivial logician Gangesha following in the Nyaya tradition, but his work is so powerful and refined, that the tradition of logic he starts is called navya-nyaya(neo-logic). His works outshines any contemporary work on logic. In fact, it is almost impossible to read and understand, that is how precise and immaculate it is.
These are some of the biggest names of scientists in Hindu civilisation and masters of their respective fields: Kananda, physics; Kapila, metaphysics/quantum physics; Sushrutha, surgery; Charaka, general medicine; Panini, grammar and linguistics; Pingala, prosody; Patanjali, psychology, and Gautama and Gangesha, logic and epistemology.
The account given in the beginning by Said al-Andalusi which describes the Hindus as the masters of science and all branches of knowledge was not an exaggeration, and nor surprising, considering Hindu civilisation is based on the Vedas(knowledge) and knowledge is worshipped as saraswati(goddess of learning)
The extent of knowledge of the Hindus was incredibly advanced if we review the above, comparable to modern standards, and some cases better than modern standards. So once again another myth of European superiority, this time in science, must end. The Europeans are not more advanced than the Hindu civilisation in science. So far it has been established, with clear evidence, that the Hindus had a a superior civilisation in terms of economy and industry, and now I think ample evidence has been provided to show that they had a superior civilisation in terms of science as well. What is really unfortunate is the immaturity of European academia to teach this in their text books. By not teaching the amazing contributions the Hindus made in science, they are effectively denying its civilisation. And the reasons for this denial are clearly stemming from jealousy. It is time Europe grew up.