[QUOTE=Surya Deva;48016]Nietzsche,
I am really impressed with your knowledge on Chinese history. I have not read much of Chinese history myself, although I am sure it is very fascinating. China has also had a great civilisation. I am somewhat familiar with Chinese philosophy because I had to read on it for my global philosophy module, and it is interesting to note that a majority of Chinese philosophy is political philosophy and geared towards social homogenity where the citizen and the state are intertwined. Hence the Chinese attitude of the citizen being “China” This contributes to the great unity, patriotism and cohesion we see in Chinese society, but also contributes to the great intolerance of individual thought and expression. My professor confirmed how hard it was to mark the essays of Chinese students(from mainland China) because their cultural upbringing had not taught them how to think critically, especially when it came to political matters. However, this has partially to do with fear. As Chinese students in Western countries are monitored by the government on what they say and do - I was shocked when I heard this, but I do not doubt it because it was confirmed by my professor.[/QUOTE]
Most of what I have learned of Chinese history comes from me taking Advanced Placement World History. The main focuses of the course were the Chinese, Roman, and European civilizations (no surprise).
Yes, it is indeed the case. In fact, in the course, we were handed several primary documents of Confucian parables and writings to read. Confucian teaching affirms that it is in the individual from which the building blocks of the state emerges. In fact, Sun Yat Sen was totally correct when he said that China had long had democratic principles from which the society ran by. But for some reason, our history teacher, normally very critical of the West and its Eurocentrism, mocked that statement in his speech (which was handed to us for our reading), causing the whole class to laugh. I was the only one not laughing and was actually angered at yet another example of Westerners denying the rich heritage of one of the greatest civilizations to ever exist.
I particularly like the Confucian philosophy on the family and the ruler. Confucian philosophy says the the functions of the state are mirrored in the family (with the father being the head of the family, and etc). The ruler should be a “gentlemen,” a person from which the people he rules can gain inspiration from. The ruler should spend part of his time in introspection, in order to ameliorate himself so he can rule better. Once this basic structure breaks down however, society will inevitably collapse.
However, there are two main flaws in Confucian philosophy. It expounds the subservient state of women in Chinese society. I even read this excerpt from a primary document written by a female Confucian philosopher, in which she laid down guidelines for her brethren. They were indeed very strict and by modern Western standards, insulting. Then again, we must not forget that we cannot look at everything through Western secular lenses. Such doctrines worked in that particular society with little problems. The majority of women in Chinese society, took pride in their “li,” their function in society, just as most women in Islam take pride in wearing a burqa. The other, and most fatal flaw, is that Confucian philosophy is highly idealistic. It theoretically should work but in practice, it hardly happened.
As you can see, the Confucian philosophy, the philosophy that was used by the ruling “class” to rule following the Zhou Dynasty (with the exception of the Qin Dynasty, since Shi Huangdi suppressed most philosophies he felt were subversive to the function of the state) created an even more cohesive and unified society, at least in terms of a national identity. This facet of Chinese society was already established beginning from the Shang Dynasty, which was created around 2000 B.C.E. The greatest achievement of the Shang Dynasty in my opinion was the creation of the Mandate of the Heaven. It stated that a leader must rule wisely and justly and provide for his people. If he violates this rule from Heaven, then society collapses (meaning the people have a right to rebel against him, like in Lockian philosophy), and so begins the Dynastic cycle of harmony (a great leader) eventually emerging from chaos (bad leaders and societal disorder). From then on, the Chinese Dynasties ruled by this basic principle in mind, which, among other things, aided in the acculturation of the various peoples living in the area we know as China.
However, all this is, regretfully, highly idealistic. When it comes down to the nuts and bolts, the poor remained poor, the literate remained literate, and the rich, remained so. It was just one of those instances where theoretically, things were allowed but in practice, largely unable to be attained in a majority of cases. Even the Chinese Civil Service exam, which was created by the Han Dynasty as a method of selecting bureaucrats to run the state, was such that it allowed anyone to take it. However, it was the wealthy that could afford to prepare for it and succeed in the end.
As you said SD, this unified identity has its drawbacks. When combined with China’s long history of isolation, it can create a dangerous sense of superiority over all other peoples and arrogance. I remember this beautiful Chinese painting in our history book in which it shows a man on horseback, arriving in China bearing Sanskrit texts. But after a while, they even began to scorn India, which gave them the philosophy and practices which dominated their society for millennia. They also scorned the Japanese, the Koreans, the Europeans, and so forth. They called the Japanese simpletons who burrowed from their culture (their writing for example) and ate with their hands. Same story with the Koreans. They restricted the Portuguese and later Europeans to trading in Canton. Most of the time, the European nations would buy Chinese products in mass amounts, like porcelain, tea, and silk, and the Chinese would refuse to accept any of the barbarian’s goods, with the exception of silver. It is no surprise that the British, after a good century or two of increasing trade deficit, became fed up and started growing opium…= Opium Wars.
Nevertheless, China has a rich history and heritage. In certain cases, I wish that India would have developed along the same lines as China, especially in terms of its unity and political ideology. Our diversity, which Indians foolishly take pride in, is literally killing us.